Friday, November 11, 2011

SUMMARY and REFERENCES


REFERENCES :
                              Glossary of  Notifiable Conditions. Washington State Department of health
                               2010.
                                Watts Duncan(2003). Six degrees: the science of a connected age.  London.          
                                William Heinemann. 
                                  Thomas DL, Thio CL, et al (2009).”Genetic variation in IL 28 B”. Nature                                                                     461(7265): 798-801
                                  Dobson, Andrew P , E Robin Carter(1996)bioscience;46 2.
                                   MEDSCASPE topic “infectious diseases” 2009.

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN COMMUNICABLE AND NONCOMMUNICABLE DISEASES



COMMUNICABLE DISEASES
          NON COMMUNICABLE        DISEASES

CONTAGEOUS DISEASE

SPREADS FROM ONE PERSON TO ANOTHER

GENERALLY INVOLVES THE LOWER SAOCIOECONOMIC GROUP

VEHICLES OF TRANSMISSION  AND THE VECTORS PLAY A  MAJOR ROLE IN THE
SPREAD OF DISEASE.

TREATMENT OF THE ETIOLOGICAL AGENT IS THE REMEDY.


ACUTE DISEASES REQUIRING ACTIVE MEDICAL CARE.


TREATED CONSERVATIVELY

NON CONTAGEOUS DISEASE


DOESNOT SPREAD FROM ONE PERSON TO THE OTHER

INVOLVES GENERALLY AFFLUENT CLASS


DIETARY HABITS, ENVIRONMENT AND LIFESTYLE
PLAY A ROLE IN THE CAUSATION OF THESE DISEASES.

CHANGING THE DIETARY HABITS, LIFESTYLE AND TRHE ENVIRONMENT  IS THE PERMANENT REMEDY.

CHRONIC DISEASES NEED LONG LASTING CHRONIC TREATMENT.

TREATED CONSERVATIVELY AND SURGICALLY.





MODES OF SPREAD IN COMMUNICABLE DISEASES


MODES OF SPREAD IN COMMUNICABLE  DISEASES
The modes of spread of communicable diseases vary  from disease to disease ,hence ll be taken
one by one :
1 . Aids……….sexual contact, sharing the syringes ,contact with blood of infected individuals,
placental transmission (direct transmission).
2 . Cholera……..water or food contaminated with feces.
3 . Diphtheria…..inhaling the infected droplets coughed out by the patient in public.
4 . Hepatitis A…..food or water contaminated with feces.
  5. Hepatitis B…….contact with blood and body fluids
6 . Influenza…..respiratory droplets and the contaminated objects.
7 . Measles….respiratory droplets
8 . Tuberculosis…..droplet infection.
9 . Typhoid…..food or water contaminated with feces.
10 . Syphilis….sexual intercourse.
11 . Streptococcal   pharyngitis…respiratory droplets
12 . Trachoma …cutaneous  contact with infected hands, towels, handkerchiefs.

So here we have noticed that respiratory droplets aid in the spread of :
a . Influenza ,  b . Tuberculosis,  c . Measles , d . Diphtheria,  e . Perttusis
            f . Pneumonia , g . Streptococcal pharyngitis, h . Rubella, i . Trachoma.
 Unsafe sexual intercourse adds to the spread of :
           a . Hepatitis c , b . Syphilis , c . Aids  d . Gonococcal  infection.



RISK FACTORS IN NON COMMUNICABLE DISEASES


                    MODES OF SPREAD / RISK FACTORS  in  NON- COMMUNICABLE  DISEASES
1 . Globalization, the flow of information, goods, capital and people across political and
geographic boundaries, has helped to spread some of the deadliest infectious diseases known to
humans.[1] the spread of diseases across wide geographic scales has increased through history.
Early diseases that spread from Asia to Europe were bubonic plague, influenza of various types,
and similar infectious disease.
   2 . Modernization. With the use of air travel, people are able to go to foreign lands, contract a
disease and not have any symptoms of illness until after they get home, and having exposed
others to the disease along the way.
            The constant and early exposure to the computers/laptops, television may have a harmful
impact on the eyes, heart and brain.
    3 . Changing lifestyle pattern. However, addressing the risk factors of non-communicable
diseases and lifestyle risks in the south that cause disease, such as use or consumption of
tobacco, alcohol, and unhealthy foods, is important as well.
    4 . Socio economy. The high or affluent class may suffer from hypertension, diabetes, obesity
,etc .while the poor section is still untouched. similarly ,the waterborne diseases, vector borne
diseases and the parasite infested conditions are more common in slums
   5 . Inspiring and competitive attitude  in today’s scenario has given rise to extreme
psychiatric symptoms, depression, and very rarely even to the suicidal tendencies when unable to
bear the failures. The cardiovascular disorders are common in this class


CAUSATIVE FACTORS AND THE REULTING DISEASES


        CAUSATIVE FACTORS  AND THE RESULTING DISEASES
COMMUNICABLE DISEASES :
1.      bacteria    salmonella typhi, mycobacterium tuberculosis, vibrio cholerae,  chlamydiae

2.      virus influenza virus , H1N1 ,  hepatitis, polio

3.      fungus…. taenia, ringworm, athlete’s foot

4.      parasites…..malaria, scabies
                                                         
NON  COMMUNICABLE DISEASES :
 1) personal background….     
§  age, sex….rubella, osteoarthritis, parkinsons disease, alzheimers disease.

§  Genetics  . down syndrome, cystic fibrosis, albinism, canc
  2) environment….
§  air pollution….asthma, bronchitis, a COPD  lung

§  cold chilled climate… frost bite,  chill blains, pulmonary edema

§  very hot temperature… heat stroke, heat exhaustion
   3) lifestyle….
Ø  smoking….bronchitis, hypertension, gastritis, Berger’s disease

Ø  physical inactivity…obesity, hypertension, diabetes

Ø  unhealthy diet…obesity, hypertension, gastritis, malnutrition  
4) social- determinants :    
§  Low socioeconomic status…..infectious diseases, waterborne diseases, dermatological

§   disorders  and, scabies

§  high socioeconomic status….obesity, hypertension, diabetes,      

DEFINE DISEASES AND ITS TYPES


 DISEASE
A disease is an abnormal condition affecting the body of an organism. It is often considered to be
a medical condition associated with specific symptoms and signs.[1] It may be caused by
external factors, such as infectious disease, or it may be caused by internal dysfunctions, such as
autoimmune diseases.
It can also be defined as any deviation from or interruption of the normal structure or function of
any body part, organ, or system that is manifested by a characteristic set of symptoms and signs
and whose etiology, pathology, and prognosis may be known or unknown.

Types of disease



communicable
Caused by infective agents
disease





non-communicable
Caused by all other etiological agents



A disease is said to be communicable if it spreads from one person to the other.
a disease is non communicable if it doesn’t spread from one person to another